Techniques of Editing - Cross cutting and the rest

Write a description of this technique - is this alternative or mainstream?

Cross Cutting - This is where two or more scenes occur at the same time but are in different locations. Parallel editing is used to create mystery and suspense, narrative and pace. This was developed by Edwin S. Porter; he first used cross cutting in The Great Train Robbery in 1903. This technique is mainstream. The purpose of this is storytelling, as it develops drama, combines shots into sequences and manipulates time and space due to the baptism and the murders.



Jump cuts were created in  1896 by Melies  he was filming a bus coming out of a tunnel and his camera film jammed when it started filming again it filmed a horse cart going by and when he watched the film a jump cut was created making the bus look like it transformed into the horse cart, he used this in is magical shows to show people disappearing.   Jump cuts were usually used to create magically effects durine the 1800s but now in the present days jump cuts are been used to break contuinty and therefore can fall under montage techniques.

Shots changes based on the tempo of music been played so therefore the shots changes according to the tempo of the music. This technique is used to pass time. It was invented by esiestein. 


Cross- Cutting 
Cross cutting also known as parallel editing, is cutting between two different scenes that are happening at the same time.This technique was created and developed by D.W. Griffith. Cross-Cutting was first used in D.W Griffith's film "After many years" in 1908. The clip below shows an example of cross-cutting being used. The clip is from the film Quantum of Solace. In the scene, A man is being interrogated, the camera then cuts to another scene to show that somebody is approaching in a car. The purpose of Cross-Cutting is to show two important/relevant events in the story that are happening at the same time. Using Cross-Cutting makes the story of a film more interesting for audience. It also allows the audience to be introduced to new characters of the story.  


Shot Reverse shot is, involves two characters having a conversation. You would have one character looking at the other, then we would have a reverse shot from that characters point of view. This is also known as continuity editing.The purpose of using short reverse shot to see character face whilst talking  instead focusing on one character when talking, by this you can see their emotions whentalking and makes more interesting. 




Match on Action is form of continuity editing, it is cutting to shot then cutting to another shot to build up the action. Match on Action is used to get the audience attentions and it also creates drama and excitement. D.W. Griffiths stared to investigate the  match on action 180 degree rule  and found out some interesting fact on where to place the camera so it does not break the 180 degree rule. it develop by directors trying and finally go it right. Till this day on wards directors have been using match on action and the 180 degree rules sign of continuity editing.   

Seamless editing or also known as invisible editing is when the cuts matches with the action. This means that there is no editing involved at all just cuts in between shots so it matches the action of what is happening in the film in a certain scene and continues to have the flow without breaking or ruining it but this certain technique was used by D.W Griffith.



Eye-Line match:
This is when two shots are lined up from a eye line match. This works when you put two cameras in a similar position around the same axis, You would put this in the same position. An eye line shot is also when the camera shows someone looking at something and then then the camera switches to the object or thing the person was looking at. The purpose of this is so that the audience want t know what the character is looking at.
Lev Kuleshov uses an example of an eye-line shot in his Kuleshov effect video. However, the person that was known for discovering this or using this the most was Alfred Hitchcock who used this most frequently in his film.


Motivated:
A motivated edit or motivated cut as it is also known, is when the scene cuts to another scene or object that was not in the previous frame. This is done in a discreet manner so it does not seem confusing  to the audience or break the illusion of continuity. i.e. 180 degree rule. The purpose of a motivated edit is usually to build suspense, show a conversation between characters, or flashbacks. This is effective because it lets the audience know what had happened in the past.
Modern Example: The Usual Suspects
In the opening scene to this movie, a motivated edit is used to create a flashback. This means that the camera would cut back to a previous scene or edit that has been showed vaguely or not at all. 

The kuleshov effect is when there would a close up but then the second shot can change the meaning completely, the meaning is constructed in our minds.


Point of View shot - This is a technique where it will show the scene from the characters point of view, so you can see the events from their perspective, allowing the audience to feel involved in the film because they can see it as if they are there.

The Point Of View shot is used here, it is done to show the current events taking place from one characters perspective. It is done to see the events from the eyes of the character.





Continuity - A sequence of shots done to entertain the audience, to create a story in a linear sequence. It was invented by D.W Griffiths, through trial as error, as he would try something out and see if it worked. Continuity came from the US, fighting between them and Soviet Russia, who created montage, continuity proved more popular with audiences as it was just done to entertain the audience, unlike montage, which is designed to make the audience think.